The Pros and Cons of Wearing School Uniform - 1523 Words

Scientific research shows that school uniforms make the student appear smarter and more well-behaved, according to Behling (1994). In the experimental study, Behling found that when students wore uniforms, they were perceived in a more positive light by both their peers and by teachers too. The research is based on the theory of person perception. Person perception theory suggests that a persons clothing and appearance lead to the formation of first impressions, and those first impressions can last a long time. In part because the wearing of uniforms can have a positive effect on peers and teachers, they are required in many schools. As Pearson points out, school uniforms are worn in part to have students look professional. Appearances are not the only reason why school uniforms might be required. School uniforms are recommended for a variety of reasons, including person perception, discipline, safety and the promotion of an egalitarian working environment. Person perception is the first reason why some schools require uniforms. Impressions matter. Teachers who respond positively to their students are likely to exhibit the halo effect, in which the positive perception remains for the rest of the school year (Behling). The teacher perceives the student in a positive light (like a symbolic halo) that can influence everything from whether the teacher calls on the student, or what kinds of grades are given at the end of the semester. If teachers are responding well toShow MoreRelatedDebate on School Uniforms1191 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, most public schools are turning to something more casual and more acceptable to parents and students: khakis or jeans and knit shirts of varying colors. The latter appear to be more affordable too because they can be used outside of school. Many school districts that have implemented school uniforms have provided some sort of financial assistance for families that can not afford the extra expense. 2. Potential Benefits of School Uniforms • Decreasing violence and theft because of clothingRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Wear Uniforms748 Words   |  3 Pages Should schools make students wear uniforms? In California, many schools are trying to decide what is best for their schools. In Adelanto, there could be reasons for schools to consider uniforms. At Columbia Middle School, this could be a controversial topic. Students should consider the pros and cons to wearing uniforms before forming an opinion. There are some pros to wearing uniforms that other people may not see. One pro is that families save money. There are some special programs to helpRead MoreThe Implementation Of School Uniforms1243 Words   |  5 Pagesdebated upon is the implementation of school uniforms. In the United States, school uniforms have become more and more widespread. Although, some schools disagree with the requirement of a school uniform and decide to require a school dress code instead. The pros and cons of a school uniform are very controversial. Deciding whether a school uniform should be implemented is not a black and white issue. Arguments to support school uniforms state that school uniforms create an altogether better environmentRead MoreSchool Uniforms859 Words   |  4 Pages24 September 2017 School Uniforms Should Be Used In Schools School uniforms should be utilized within schools. There are plenty of benefits, including they cost less than buying regular school clothes would, as well as drastically decreasing peer pressure and bullying in the student body. Uniforms give students a sense of respect and responsibility. They create the ability for students to succeed in areas without the hassle of what they’re wearing. School uniforms improve school spirit, and createRead MoreNational Association Of Elementary School Uniforms773 Words   |  4 Pagesdo we wear uniforms? Studies done by the National Association of Elementary School Principals show that about only 23% of schools around the USA demand students wear (Public School Uniform Statistics). However, in New Orleans, 95% of public schools require uniforms (Public School Uniform Statistics). Some foes might oppose uniforms by saying that they do not let students express themselves freely and that they are expensive; however, the pros clearly outweigh the cons because uniforms offer greatRead MorePros and Cons School Uniform1515 Words   |  7 PagesPros and Cons of School Uniforms Trina Warren Liberty University Professor Mink GRST 500/501 June 17, 2013 Abstract The decision for school district to enforce school uniforms has been in existence since the 16th century. School uniforms were originally created for poor children; however, over time, schools saw uniforms as a way to bring students together. There has been debate whether uniforms improve academic success while reducing affiliation of violence. There is opinion and study thatRead MoreSchool Uniform Persuasive Essay by Javairia Haq764 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Uniform Persuasive Essay At a school, a child wearing a stained ragged-patched up sweat shirt and old tired pants full of disgusting mud stains, she goes to her locker quietly, suddenly after getting out her books, five older students surround her. The oblivious teachers and distracted staff don’t even bother noticing older pupils ridiculing the young girl’s outfit, teasing and tormenting the juvenile girl about her revolting clothes till she criesRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On How Uniform Policy Swept U.s.919 Words   |  4 PagesBibliography Chandler, M. A. (2015, Oct 01). No uniform policy on what to wear. Washington Post Retrieved from http://sks.sirs.com.nauproxy01.national.edu In the Washington Post newspaper article stated the claim of how uniform policy swept U.S. in the school year of 2011-2012 to improve academics for the lacking students. Chandler says that according to federal data 20 percent of school districts made it necessary for students to wear uniforms. The uniform take-over caught the attention of researcherRead MoreSchool Uniforms Have the Potential to Resolve Student Stress760 Words   |  3 PagesCalifornia, high school students are faced with the daily challenge of figuring out what they will wear to school the following day. As simple as this may sound, it does produce a lot of anxiety and stress among teenagers. Some students stress over the fact that they have a limited wardrobe, while others worry about being judged by their peers for their fashion choices. The problem of students having too much stress has the potential of becoming a serious health problem among high school students. ItRead MorePersuasive Speech On School Uniforms91 9 Words   |  4 PagesSchool uniforms, do you consider them as an obstruction of the 1st amendment of the US Constitution â€Å"Freedom of Expression†? How about having equality amongst every child at school age? This is the perfect age to teach them that no matter the social economic status from one child to another, nobody is any less or more then someone else. School uniforms would be an enormous step towards shaping a better future for our children. This would stop all the questions some parents get from their asking â€Å"why

Dissociative Identity Disorder Of The Paleolithic Era

Dissociative Identity Disorder Jorge Marquez Abnormal Psychology Professor Mackenzie It is quite unfortunate that many psychological disorders are not known out there. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) being one of them. Of course, this disorder is said to have been discovered a long time ago. However, it was not seen as it is today. A few decades ago, most disorders were not even known how to be treated. Several before that, disorders weren’t even the first thing on people’s mind when they noticed some sort of abnormality in someone they’ve known or met. In fact, there is evidence that there are paintings that could potentially suggest DID was present in the Paleolithic era. The paintings consisted of shamans that changed into animal forms or spirits. It was also often confused with the idea that demonic possession was the most rational way to explain such an abnormal behavior (A History Of Dissociative Identity Disorder, p. 1). As time progresses, more and more information is being discovered about this interesting yet devastating disorder. So what is Dissociative Identity Disorder? According to the DSM V, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is the disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states. It then states that â€Å"disruption in identity involves marked discontinuity in sense of self and sense of agency, accompanied by related alterations in affect, behavior, consciousness, memory, perception,Show MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder ( Mpd )1170 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder, commonly referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder, has been one of the more controversial diagnoses in psychology and psychiatry. On one side of the debate, many psychologists and psychiatrists believe the disorder to be an actual phenomenon that occurs in individuals that have suffered through some traumatic experience. On the other side of the debate, however, are the many psychologists and psychiatrists that believe the disorder is simply the result of a therapist’s Read MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Multiple Personality Disorder1399 Words   |  6 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is defined as â€Å"a severe condition in which two or more distinct identities, or personality states, are present in—and alternately take control of—an individual†. In 1994, the name of the disorder was changed to reflect a better understanding of the condition. DID is characterized by fragmentation, not by the growth of separate identities. DID is not a new disorder. However, it has been misunderstood for

German Vocabulary Related to Cars and Driving in German Europe

Because cars and car culture are so significant in Germany, no German vocab lesson would be complete without understanding car parts. A German language beginner will be well equipped to talk shop after reviewing these terms. Words are accompanied by parts of speech (adj, adv, n, and v for adjective, adverb, noun, and verb, respectively), suffixes that pluralize (-e, -n, -en, -er, se, and -s), and UK for U.K. terminology not used in the U.S. As with many languages outside of English, noun genders are extremely important. Thus, nouns are further listed with r  (for der, the masculine article),  e  (for die, the feminine),  or s  (for das, what we call neuter, for neither masculine or feminine). English/German Car and Driver Phrases and Vocabulary A anti-lock brake system, ABS (n):  s Antiblockiersystem  (ABS) accelerate  (v):  beschleunigen,  Gas geben acceleration (n):  e Beschleunigung to have good/bad acceleration (v):  eine gute/schlechte Beschleunigung haben accelerator (n):  s Gaspedal,  s Gas accident (n):  r Unfall, Unfà ¤lle adjustable (adj):  verstellbar electrically adjustable seats (n):  elektrisch verstellbare Sitze airbag (n):  r Airbag(-s) side airbags (n): e Seitenairbags air brake (n):  e Luftdruckbremse(-n) air cleaner/filter (n):  r Luftfilter air conditioned (adj):  klimatisiert air conditioning (system) (n):  e Klimaanlage,  e Aircondition  (no -ed or -ing!)air conditioning (cooling) (n):  e Klimatisierung alarm system (n):  e  (Auto)Alarmanlage,  e Diebstahlwarnanlage all-wheel drive (n):  r Allradantrieb alternator (n):  e Lichtmaschine(-n) aluminum wheel/rim (n):  e Alufelge(-n) antifreeze (n):  r Frostschutz,  s Frostschutzmittel armrest (n):  e Armlehne(-n) ashtray (n):  r Aschenbecher auto, car (n):  s Auto(-s),  r Wagen automobile (n):  r Kraftwagenvehicle (n):  s Kraftfahrzeug  (Kfz)passenger car (n):  Personenkraftwagen (Pkw, pay-kaw-vay)truck (n):  Lastkraftwagen (Lkw) autobahn, freeway (n):  e Autobahn(-en) autobahn police, highway patrol (n):  e Autobahnpolizei automatic transmission (n):  s Automatengetriebe,  s Automatikgetriebe manual transmission (n):  s Schaltgetriebe avenue (n): e Allee(-n), e Chaussee axle (n):  e Achse(-n) to be on the road:  auf Achse sein  (car, truck)front axle (n):  e Vorderachse(-n)rear axle (n):  e Hinterachse(-n) B backrest (n):  e Rà ¼ckenstà ¼tze(-n) back-up light (n):  r Rà ¼ckfahrscheinwerfer back seat (n):  r Rà ¼cksitz(-e) battery (n):  e Batterie the batterys dead (n):  die Batterie ist leer belt  (mechanical) (n):  r Riemen fan belt (n):  r Keilriemen belt  safety (n):  r Gurt(-e) seat belt (n):  r Sicherheitsgurt beverage/cup holder (n):  r Becherhalter,  r Getrà ¤nkehalter,  r Cupholder blinker (n):  s Blinklicht(-er) warning blinker/flasher (n):  s Warnblinklicht body, bodywork (n):  e Karosserie(-en) bonnet (UK), hood (n):  e Haube(-n) boulevard (n): e Allee(-n), e Chaussee brake (n):  e Bremse(-n) brake fluid (n):  e Bremsflà ¼ssigkeitbrake light (n):  s Bremslicht(-er)brake lining (n):  r Bremsbelag(-e)brake pad (n):  r Bremsklotz(-klà ¶tzer)braking distance (n):  r Bremsweg(-e) brake (v): bremsen to slam on the brakes  (v):  auf die Klà ¶tzer treten Breathalyzer, drunkometer (n):  r Promillemesser bucket seat (n):  r Schalensitz(-e) bumper (n):  e Stoßstange(-n) bus, coach (n):  r Bus(-se) button, knob (n):  r Knopf (plural: Knà ¶pfe) C car, auto (n):  s Auto,  r Wagen car rental/hire, auto rental agency (n):  r Autoverleihrental/hire car (n):  r Mietwagen,  r Leihwagen car alarm (n):  e Autoalarmanlage car crash (n):  r Autounfall car key, ignition key (n):  r Autoschlà ¼ssel car radio (n):  s Autoradio carburetor (n):  r Vergaser cassette player (n):  r Kassettenspieler CD player (n):  r CD-Spieler catalytic converter (n):  r Katalysator central locking (n):  e Zentralverriegelung chassis (n):  s Chassis,  s Fahrgestell child seat, childrens seat (n):  r Kindersitz(-e) chime (for door, lights) (n):  s Gelà ¤ut(-e) cigarette lighter (in car) (n):  r Zigarettenanzà ¼nder clock (n):  e Uhr(-en) clutch (n):  e Kupplung  (-en) clutch pedal (n):  s Kupplungspedallet in the clutch  (v): einkuppelnlet out the clutch  (v): auskuppeln collide, crash  (v)  einen Unfall haben,  zusammenstoßen  (two cars) collision, crash (n):  r Unfall,  r Zusammenstoß(-stà ¶ÃƒÅ¸e)rear-end collision (n):  r Auffahrunfallcollision, crash (into an object) (n):  r Aufprallcollision, crash (of several cars), pile-up (n):  e Karambolage console (n):  e Konsole(-n) controls (on dashboard, console, etc.) (n):  e Schalter convertible (n):  s Kabrio,  s Kabriolett coolant, cooling fluid (n):  s Kà ¼hlmittel crash, accident (n):  r Unfall,  r Zusammenstoß(-stà ¶ÃƒÅ¸e) crash (v):  einen Unfall haben cruise control (n):  r Tempomat cup holder (n):  r Becherhalter,  r Cupholder D dashboard (n):  s Armaturenbrett defroster (n):  r Entfroster dent (n):  e Beule(-n),  e Delle(-n) diesel engine/motor (n):  r Dieselmotor diesel fuel (n):  s Dieselà ¶l differential (n):  s Differenzial dim headlights, low beams (n):  s Abblendlicht drive with dimmed headlights (v):  mit Abblendlicht fahrendim (switch to low beams)  (v):  abblenden dimmer switch (n):  r Abblendschalter dipstick (n):  r Ãâ€"lmessstab(-stà ¤be) directional signal (n):  r Blinker disc brake (n):  e Scheibenbremse(-n) door (n):  e Tà ¼r(-en) door handle (n):  r Tà ¼rgriff(-e) door lock(s) (n):  e Tà ¼rverriegelung automatic door locks (n):  automatische Tà ¼rverriegelungremote-control locks (n):  funkgesteuerte Tà ¼rverriegelung drive (n):  e Autofahrt,  e Fahrt, r Weg go for a drive (v):  fahren,  ein bisschen rausfahren drive (v):  fahren drive around (v):  herumfahren driver (n):  r Fahrer drivers license, driving licence  (UK) (n):  r Fà ¼hrerschein(-e) driveway (n):  e Einfahrt, e Ausfahrt Dont block driveway!: Einfahrt freihalten! driving school (n):  e Fahrschule(-n) drunk driving, DUI/DWI (n):  e Trunkenheit am Steuer drunkometer, Breathalyzer (n):  r Promillemesser E electric windows:  elektrische Fensterheber engine (n):  r Motor(-en) diesel engine/motor (n):  r Dieselmotor emergency (n):  r Notfall(-fà ¤lle) emergency brake (n):  e Handbremse,  e Notbremseemergency flasher (n):  s Warnblinklichtemergency number (n):  r Notruf,  e Notrufnummer: 110 for police; 112 for fireemergency road sign (n):  s Warndreieck: (German drivers carry a triangular warning sign in their vehicle in case of emergencies)emergency roadside telephone (n):  s Notruftelefon,  e Notrufsà ¤ule emission control system (n):  e Abgasreinigungsanlage emissions, exhaust (n):  e Abgase exhaust (n):  r Auspuff exhaust manifold (n):  r Auspuffkrà ¼mmerexhaust muffler (n):  r Auspufftopfexhaust pipe (n):  s Auspuffrohr excursion, side-trip (n):  r Abstecher,  r Ausflug to take an excursion (v):  einen Ausflug machen F fan (n):  r Ventilator(-en) fan belt (n):  r Keilriemen fender (n):  r Kotflà ¼gel fender-bender (n):  kleiner Blechschaden filler cap, gas cap (n):  r Tankdeckel filling station, gas station (n):  e Tankstelle(-n) first aid kit (n):  r Verbandskasten(-kà ¤sten) flasher, hazard warning light (n):  e Lichthupe(-n),  s Warnblinklicht(-er) hazard warning lights (n):  e Warnblinkanlage(-n) floor mat (n):  e Fußmatte(-n) folding  (adj):  klappbar folding cup holder (n):  klappbarer Becherhalter fluid (brake, washer, etc.) (n):  e Flà ¼ssigkeit(-en) fog light (n):  r Nebelscheinwerfer rear fog light (n):  e Nebelschlussleuchte(-n) four-wheel drive (n):  r Vierradantrieb four-stroke engine (n):  r Viertaktmotor(-en) freeway, autobahn (n):  e Autobahn(-en) front door (n):  e Vordertà ¼r(-en) rear door (n):  e Hintertà ¼r front seat (n):  r Vordersitz(-e) front-wheel drive (n):  r Vorderradantrieb fuel (n):  r Kraftstoff,  r Treibstoff,  r Sprit,  s Benzin fuel (v):  tanken,  auftanken,  Treibstoff aufnehmen fuel economy (n):  geringer Kraftstoffverbrauch fuel gauge, gas gauge (n):  e Benzinuhr,  e Tankuhr fuel injection (n):  e Einspritzung fuel injection engine (n):  r Einspritzmotor fuel tank, gas tank (n):  r Tank fuse (n):  e Sicherung(-en) fuse box (n):  r Sicherungskasten(-kà ¤sten) G garage (house) (n):  e Garage(-n) in the garage: in der Garage garage (repairs) (n):  e Werkstatt(-n) in the garage: bei der Reparatur,  in der Werkstatt garage door (n):  s Garagentor(-e) garage door opener (n):  r Garagentorà ¶ffner gasoline, petrol (n):  s Benzin unleaded gas (n):  bleifreies Benzin gas cap (n):  r Tankdeckel gas cap cover (n):  e Tankklappe(-n)gas station (n):  e Tankstelle(-n)gas tank (n):  r Tank(-s) gauge (indicator) (n):  r Anzeiger,  e Uhr gas gauge (n):  e Benzinuhroil pressure gauge (n):  r Ãâ€"ldruckanzeigertemperature gauge (n):  r Temperaturanzeiger,  r Fernthermometer gear (n):  r Gang  (Gà ¤nge) first/second gear (n):  erster/zweiter Gangneutral gear (n):  r Leerlaufput in gear (v):  einen Gang einlegenput in third gear (v):  den dritten Gang einlegenswitch gears (v):  schaltenswitch into second gear (v):  in den zweiten Gang schalten gearbox (n):  s Getriebe gear shift lever, gear stick (console, floor) (n):  r Schalthebel gear shift lever (steering wheel) (n):  r Schaltknà ¼ppel generator (n):  r Dynamo,  r Generator,  e Lichtmaschine glove box/compartment (n):  s Handschuhfach glycol (n):  s Glykol grill (radiator) (n):  r Kà ¼hlergrill H halogen light (n):  e Halogenlampe(-n) hazard warning lights (n):  e Warnblinkanlage(-n) headlight (n):  r Scheinwerfer head restraint, headrest (n):  e Kopfstà ¼tze(-en) headroom (n):  r Kopfraum heater, heating (n):  e Heizung,  s Heizgerà ¤t high beam (n):  s Fernlicht highway (n):  e Fernstraße(-n),  e Bundesstraße(-n) federal highway (n):  e Bundesstraßehighway (fuel mileage) (adv):  außerortscity (fuel mileage) (adv):  innerortshighway patrol (n):  e Autobahnpolizei,  e Polizei hitch-hike, hitch a ride (n):  per Anhalter fahren, trampen hitch-hiker (n):  r Anhalter,  e Anhalterin(-en)hitch-hiking (n):  s Trampen hood (convertible top) (n):  s Verdeck drive with hood/top down (v):  mit offenem Verdeck fahren hood, bonnet (engine) (n):  e Haube(-n),  e Motorhaube(-n) hood ornament (n):  e Kà ¼hlerfigur(-en) hood release (n):  r Haubenentriegeler,  r Motorhaubenentriegeler horn (n):  e Hupe(-n) blow/sound the horn (v):  hupen, auf die Hupe drà ¼cken horsepower, hp (n):  e Pferdestà ¤rke  (PS) a 190 hp engine (n):  ein Motor mit 190 PS hub (wheel) (n):  e Radnabe(-n) hub cap (n):  e Radkappe(-n) hydroplaning (n):  s Aquaplaning,  s Hydroplaning I idle (neutral gear) (n):  r Leerlauf idle (v):  leer laufen,  im Leerlauf laufen ignition (n):  e Zà ¼ndung ignition key (n):  r Zà ¼ndschlà ¼sselignition lock (n):  s Zà ¼ndschlossignition system (n):  e Zà ¼ndanlage insurance (n):  e Versicherung auto/car insurance (n):  e Autoversicherung,  e Kraftfahrzeugversicherung internal combustion engine (n):  r Verbrennungsmotor(-en) interior (n):  r Innenraum interior light (n):  s Innenlicht J jack (n):  r Wagenheber jack (up) (v):  aufbocken jack-knife (n):  s Querstellen des Anhà ¤ngers the truck jack-knifed (v):  der Anhà ¤nger des Lastwagens stellte sich quer jalopy (n):  e Klapperkiste(-n) joyride (n):  e Spritztour jumper cable, jump leads (UK) (n):  s Starthilfekabel junk heap, junker (n):  r Schrotthaufen,  s Schrottauto(-s) junkyard (n):  r Schrottplatz(-plà ¤tze) K key (n):  r Schlà ¼ssel,  r Autoschlà ¼ssel kilometer (n):  r kilometer kilowatt (kW) (n):  s Kilowatt (in place of horsepower) knob, button (n):  r Knopf  (Knà ¶pfe) knock (engine) (v):  klopfen mph (n):  km/h L lamp (n):  e Lampe(-n),  s Licht(-er) lane (n):  e Spur(-en), e Gasse, e Straße(-n), r Weg get in the correct lane (v):  einordnenin the left/right lane (adj):  in/auf der linken/rechten Spur lane marking/stripe (n):  e Spurmarkierung(-en) lap (auto racing) (n):  e Etappe(-n),  e Runde(-n) lap belt (n):  r Schoßgurt(-e) L-driver (UK), learner driver (n):  r Fahrschà ¼ler,  e Fahrschà ¼lerin(-nen) lead-free, unleaded (adj):  bleifrei,  unverbleit unleaded gas/petrol (adj):  bleifreies Benzin leather (n):  s Leder leather interior (n):  e Lederausstattungleather seats (n):  Ledersitze leatherette (n):  s Kunstleder lease (v):  leasen,  mieten leg room (n):  e Beinfreiheit,  r Fußraum lemon (defective car) (n):  ein defektes/schlechtes Auto license (driver) (n):  r Fà ¼hrerschein(-e) license number (n):  s Kfz-Kennzeichen license plate (n):  s Nummernschild(-er) light (n):  s Licht(-er) light switch (n):  r Lichtschalter lighting (n):  e Beleuchtung limousine (n):  e Limousine lock (n):  s Schloss door lock (n):  s Tà ¼rschlosscentral/automatic locking (n):  e Zentralverriegelungignition lock (n):  s Zà ¼ndschlosslocking steering wheel (n):  e Wegfahrsperrelocking system (n):  e Verriegelung lock (v):  abschließen,  verriegeln,  zuschließen lock the steering wheel (n):  s Lenkrad sperren/arretieren unlock (v):  aufschließen lube, lubricate (v):  schmieren,  Ãƒ ¶len lubricant (n):  s Schmierà ¶l lubrication (n):  s Schmieren lug, bolt (n):  r Bolzen lug nut (n):  e Bolzenmutter(-n) lug wrench (n):  r Bolzenschlà ¼ssel luggage compartment (n):  r Kofferraum luggage net (n):  s Gepà ¤cknetzluggage rack (n):  r Gepà ¤cktrà ¤ger luxury car (n):  s Luxusauto(-s) M magneto (n):  r Magnetzà ¼nder maintenance (n):  e Wartung manifold (exhaust) (n):  s Auspuffrohr manifold (intake) (n):  s Ansaugrohr manual transmission (n):  s Schaltgetriebe mechanic (n):  r Mechaniker auto/car mechanic (n):  r Automechaniker methanol (n):  s Methanol miles per gallon:  Liter auf 100 km gallon (n):  e Gallonemile (n):  r 1.61 kilometermile (n):  e Meile(-n)mileage (n):  r Benzinverbrauch,  r Kraftstoffverbrauchmiles per gallon:  Meilen pro Gallone mirror (n):  r Spiegel(-n) rear-view mirror (n):  r Rà ¼ckspiegelside/wing mirror (n):  r Außenspiegel motor (n):  r Motor(-en) motor, drive (v):  mit dem Auto fahren motorist (n):  r Autofahrer,  e Autofahrerin(-nen) motorway (UK), freeway (n):  e Autobahn(-en) motel (n):  s Motel(-s) mud flap/guard (n):  r Schmutzfà ¤nger muffler (n):  r Auspufftopf N neutral gear (n):  r Leerlauf nut (on bolt) (n):  e Mutter(-n) O octane (n):  s Oktan high-octane gas/fuel (n):  Benzin/Kraftstoff mit hoher Oktanzahl odometer (n):  r Kilometerzà ¤hler speedometer (n):  r Tachometertachometer (revolution counter) (n):  r Drehzahlmesser off-road vehicle (n):  s Gelà ¤ndefahrzeug(-e) oil (n):  s Ãâ€"l oil change (n):  r Ãâ€"lwechseloil level (n):  r Ãâ€"lstandoil level warning (n):  e Ãâ€"lstandswarnungoil pressure (n):  r Ãâ€"ldruck one-way street (n):  e Einbahnstraße(-n) open (adj):  frei open road/highway (n):  freie Fahrtopen to traffic (n):  Durchfahrt frei output (n):  e Leistung outside mirrors (n):  Außenspiegel overheat (motor) (v):  Ãƒ ¼berhitzen,  heißlaufen overpass (n):  e ÃÅ"berfà ¼hrung oversized/long vehicle (n):  s Lang-Fahrzeug(-e) overtake, pass (v):  Ãƒ ¼berholen owner (n):  r Besitzer ozone (n):  s Ozon P park (v):  parken parking (n):  s Parken,  s Einparkenno parking (n):  r Parkverbotparking for 25 cars:  25 Parkplà ¤tzeplenty of parking:  genug Parkplà ¤tzeparking attendant (n):  r Parkplatzwà ¤chterparking bay (n):  e Parkbuchtparking brake (n):  e Parkbremseparking disk (n):  e Parkscheibe(-n)parking fine (n):  e Geldbuße (fà ¼r Parkvergehen)parking garage, car park (n):  s Parkhaus(-hà ¤user)parking light, sidelight (n):  s Standlicht(-er)parking lot (n):  r Parkplatzparking meter (n):  e Parkuhr(-en)parking space (n):  r Parkplatz(-plà ¤tze),  r Stellplatz  (off-street)parking ticket (n):  r Strafzettel parkway (n):  e Allee(-n) part (n):  r Teil(-e) car parts (n):  Autoteilemoving parts (n):  bewegliche Teilespare parts (n):  Ersatzteile pass, overtake (v):  Ãƒ ¼berholen no passing (n):  r ÃÅ"berholverbot passenger (in car) (n):  r Beifahrer,  r Mitfahrer passenger door (n):  e Beifahrertà ¼r(-en)passenger seat (n):  r Beifahrersitz(-e) passing lane (n):  e ÃÅ"berholspur(-en) pave (v):  betonieren  (concrete),  asphaltieren,  pflastern  (with stones) pavement, paving (n):  r Bodenbelag,  e Straße leave the pavement/road (v):  von der Straße abkommen pedal (n):  s Pedal(-e) put the pedal to the metal (v):  Vollgas geben per gallon:  pro Gallone per hour (n):  pro Stunde 62 mph: 100 km/h piston (n):  r Kolben piston engine (n):  r Kolbenmotor(-en)piston ring (n):  r  Kolbenring(-e)piston rod (n):  e Kolbenstange(-n) power locks (n):  e Zentralverriegelung power brakes (n):  Servobremsenpower mirrors (n):  elektrische Spiegelpower roof (n):  elektrisches Schiebedachpower steering (n):  e Servolenkungpower windows (n):  elektrische Fensterheber pressure (n):  r Druck oil pressure (n):  r Ãâ€"ldrucktire/tyre pressure (n):  r Reifendruck public transportation (n):  Ãƒ ¶ffentlicher Verkehr pump (n):  e Pumpe(-n) fuel pump (n):  e Benzinpumpe puncture, flat tire (n):  e Reifenpanne R radar (n):  s Radar radar detector (n):  r Radardetektor(-en)radar gun (n):  s Radar-Geschwindigkeitsmeßgerà ¤t(-e)radar (speed) trap (n):  e Radarfalle(-n) radial tire (n):  r Gà ¼rtelreifen radiator (n):  r Kà ¼hler radiator cap (n):  r Kà ¼hlerverschlussdeckelradiator fan (n):  r Kà ¼hlerventilatorradiator grill (n):  r Kà ¼hlergrill radio (n):  s Radio(-s) radio-controlled, remote-controlled (adj):  ferngesteuert rear, rear-end (n):  s Heck rear axle (n):  e Hinterachse(-n) front axle (n):  e Vorderachse(-n) rear door (n):  hintere Tà ¼r(-en) rear drive (n):  r Heckantrieb rear-end (n):  s Heck rear-end collision (n):  r Auffahrunfall rear engine (n):  r Heckmotor(-en) rear light, tail light (n):  s Rà ¼cklicht(-er) rear wheel (n):  s Hinterrad(-rà ¤der) rear window (n):  s Heckfenster rear window defogger/defroster (n):  r Heckfenster-Entfroster rear-view mirror (n):  r Rà ¼ckspiegel rear-wheel drive (n):  r Heckantrieb reflector (n):  r Reflektor(-en) remote control (n):  e Fernsteuerung remote control locking key (n):  r Funkschlà ¼ssel reverse (gear) (n):  r Rà ¼ckwà ¤rtsgang(-gà ¤nge) drive in reverse (v):  rà ¼ckwà ¤rts fahrenreversing/back-up lights (n):  Rà ¼ckfahrscheinwerfer right (side) (n):  rechts drive on the right (n):  rechts fahrenleft (n):  linkson the right side (of the road) (n):  auf der rechten Seiteright-hand drive (n):  rechtsgesteuert right of way (n):  e Vorfahrt he has the right of way:  er hat Vorfahrt rim (wheel) (n):  e Felge(-n) aluminum rims (n):  Alufelgen ring (n):  r Ring(-e) piston ring (n):  r Kolbenring(-e) road, lane (n):  e Straße(-n),  e Landstraße(-n) road atlas (n):  e Straßenatlasroadblock (n):  e Straßensperre(-n)road construction (n):  r Straßenbauroad map (n):  e Straßenkarte(-n)road rage (n):  e Aggressività ¤t im Straßenverkehrroadside, shoulder of road (n):  r Straßenrandroadway (n):  e Fahrbahn roof (n):  s Dach  (Dà ¤cher),  s Verdeck roof lining (car) (n):  r Himmel roof rack (n):  r Dachtrà ¤ger running board (n):  s Trittbrett rust proofing/protection (n):  r Rostschutz S safety/seat belt (n):  r Sicherheitsgurt(-e) seat (n):  r Sitz(-e) back seat (n):  r Rà ¼cksitzdrivers seat (n):  r Fahrersitzfront seat (n):  r Vordersitzpassenger seat (n):  r Beifahrersitzseat belts (n):  Sicherheitsgurte service (n):  e Wartung service interval (n):  s Wartungsintervall(-e) shift (gears) (v):  schalten shift lever, gearshift (n):  r Schalthebel signal (traffic) (n):  e Ampel signal (turn) (v):  anzeigen skid (n):  s Schleudern skid (v):  schleudern smog (n):  r Smog smooth-running (adj):  ruhig laufend snow chain (n):  e Schneekette(-n) snow tire (n):  r MS Reifen,  r Winterreifen mud and snow tires (n):  Matsch und Schneereifen (MS)snow shoes (n):  Schneereifen spare part (n):  r Ersatzteil(-e) spare tire (n):  r Ersatzreifen spare wheel,  r Ersatzrad(-rà ¤der) spark plug (n):  e Zà ¼ndkerze(-n) speaker (audio) (n):  e Box(-en),  r Lautsprecher speed (n):  e Geschwindigkeit,  s Tempo speed (v):  flitzen,  rasen,  sausenspeed limit (n):  e Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung(-en)speed limit (n):  s Tempolimita speed limit of 100 (n):  Tempo 100speed trap (camera, radar)  slang (n):  r Flitzerblitzerspeed trap (radar) (n):  e Radarfalle speeder, speedster (n):  r Flitzer,  r Raser speaker (audio) (n):  e Box(-en),  r Lautsprecher speedometer (n):  r Tachometer tachometer (revolution counter) (n):  r Drehzahlmesser sports car (n):  r Sportwagen spring (n):  e  (Sprung)Feder(-n),  e Federung starter (n):  r Starter,  r Anlasser steering wheel (n):  s Lenkrad,  s Steuerrad at the wheel (n):  am Steuer stick/manual shift (n):  s Schaltgetriebe stock car racing (n):  s Stockcarrennen stop (bus, tram) (n):  e Haltestelle(-n)stop (action) (n):  s Halten,  s Stoppenstop (v):  stoppen,  halten,  stocken  (traffic jam)stop/traffic light (n):  e Ampelstop sign  s Stop-Zeichen,  s Halteschild(-er),  s Stoppschild(-er) street (n):  e Straße(-n) street corner (n):  e Straßenecke(-n)street/road map (n):  e Straßenkarte(-n)street sign (n):  s Straßenschild(-er) styling (n):  s Design,  s Styling stylish (adj):  stilvoll sun visor (n):  e Sonnenblende(-n) sunroof (n):  s Schiebedach(-dà ¤cher) suspension (springs) (n):  e Federung(-en) suspension (wheels) (n):  e Aufhà ¤ngung(-en) T tachograph, trip recorder (n):  r Fahrtenschreiber The EU requires trip recorders, which electronically records truck or bus speeds, driving, and rest times. tachometer (n):  r Drehzahlmesser tailgate (n):  e Hecktà ¼r  (car),  e Ladeklappe  (truck) tailgate (v):  zu dicht auffahren tail lamp, tail light (n):  s Rà ¼cklicht(-er) temperature gauge (n):  r Temperaturmesser thermostat (n):  r Temperaturregler tire (n):  r Reifen toll (bridge, turnpike) (n):  e Maut(-en) toll charge for trucks (n):  e Lkw-Maut(-en) tow (v):  schleppen,  abschleppen traffic (n):  r Verkehr traffic circle (n):  r Kreisverkehrtraffic cop (n):  r Verkehrspolizist  (-en)traffic jam (n):  r Stau(-s),  e Stauungtraffic light, signal (n):  e Ampel(-n)traffic sign (n):  s Verkehrsschild(-er) trailer (n):  r Anhà ¤nger,  r Sattelauflieger  (truck) transmission (n):  s Getriebe(-n) tread (tire) (n):  s Profil,  e Laufflà ¤che truck, lorry (n):  r Lkw(-s),  r Lastwagen big rig, tractor-trailer (n):  r Brummi(-s)truck driver (n):  r Lkw-Fahrer,  r Brummifahrertrucker (n):  r Brummifahrertrucking (n):  e Speditiontruckstop (n):  s Fernfahrerlokal trunk, boot (n):  r Kofferraum tune, tune up (engine) (n):  tunen turnpike (n):  e Mautstraße,  e Mautautobahn turn signal (n):  s Blinklicht(-er) U undercoat (paint) (n):  e Grundierung(-en) undercoating (n):  r Unterbodenschutz unleaded fuel (n):  bleifreier Kraftstoff,  bleifreies Benzin V van (n):  r Transporter vehicle (n):  s Fahrzeug(-e),  s Kraftfahrzeug ventilation (n):  e Belà ¼ftung,  e Ventilation voltage (n):  e Spannung What is the voltage of...?  Wieviel Volt hat...? voltmeter (n):  s Voltmeter visor (n):  e Blende(-n) W warning light (n):  s Warnlicht(-er) water pump (n):  e Wasserpumpe(-n) wheel (n):  s Rad  (Rà ¤der) window (n):  s Fenster windshield, windscreen (n):  e Windschutzscheibe(-n) windshield washer (n):  e Scheibenwaschanlage(-n) windshield wiper (n):  r Scheibenwischer winter tire (n):  r Winterreifen wiper (n):  r Wischer wiper blade (n):  s Wischerblatt(-blà ¤tter),  r Wischergummi(-s) wiper speed (n):  e Wischergeschwindigkeit wiring (n):  elektrische Leitungen XYZ zenon light (n):  s Xenonlicht(-er) zero:  null from zero to sixty mph:  von null auf 100  km/h

Slavery And The American Civil War - 1626 Words

The United States, which is now perceived as a free country, began as a slave society. Slavery or the legal or economic system under which people are treated as property sprouted in the 1600s when African Americans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia to aid in the production of tobacco. Because we have studied multiple cases dealing with slavery, I was interested in unearthing whether there is a lingering effect today. Slavery was the terrible price that Africans paid to come to America. Europeans turned to African Americans as a cheaper, more plentiful labor source than indentured servants. Slavery was spread through the American colonies, and an estimated 6 to 7 million slaves were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone. America’s westward expansion, along with a growing abolition movement in the North, would provoke a great debate over slavery that would tear the nation apart in the bloody American Civil War (1861-65). Though the Union victory freed the na tion’s 4 million slaves, the legacy of slavery continued to influence American history, from the tumultuous years of Reconstruction (1865-77) to the civil right movement that emerged in the 1960s, a century after emancipation. In my research paper, I will focus on how I believe slavery affected not only African Americans living in that period, but how it has an immense effect on us Americans today. I believe our life today would have been totally different had slavery never occurred, especially forShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The American Civil War948 Words   |  4 Pages Slavery and the American Civil War By Adam Overman History 101 Professor Brett F. Woods June 14th, 2015 The American Civil War is also referred to as the war between the Northern and Southern States or the Rebellion War that began in 1861. Slavery was regarded as the main cause leading to the start of the war, as a high level of discrimination against the African Americans existed upon their arrival in the United States. The African Americans were either sold and traded by the eldersRead MoreSlavery And The American Civil War1125 Words   |  5 PagesSanjani Prodduturu Slavery and Civil War Throughout history, it has been commonly misconceived that slavery and the abolishment of slavery has been the sole cause of the American Civil War. Whereas the institution of slavery has been a major cause of the war, the differences in ideologies and beliefs between the North and the South also play a role in the origins of the Civil War. The origins of the Civil War can also be attributed to the political, economical, social, and cultural differences betweenRead MoreSlavery And The American Civil War3525 Words   |  15 Pagescauses (1800s-1850s) of the American Civil War was Manifest Destiny and the United States acquiring of new territory. As of 1846 the United States had determined the status of slavery in all parts of the U.S. through either state law or the Louisiana Purchase (pg. 378). When the U.S. went to Mexico and gained all new territory, it reopened the controversy over the expansion of slavery. Solutions arose, like the Wilmot Proviso and Free Soil Appeal, which both prohibited slavery in the new territories acquiredRead MoreSlavery And The American Civil War2377 Words   |  10 PagesSlavery has been a part of the United States since the first African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, to aid in the production of crops (Slavery in America, 2014, p. 1). Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries, and African-American slaves helped build the fiscal grounds of the new nation (Slavery in America, 2014, p. 1). By the mid-1800s, the westward expansion, along with the abolition movement in theRead MoreSlavery Was The American Civil War1403 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery had an enormous impact economically and socially on America in the nineteenth century. First of all, producing and selling cotton affected America’s economy greatly. Secondly, slaves didn’t get paid any recurring fees like most citizens would have. Thirdly, the south was so deeply rooted in agriculture that it limited industrial growth which may have made more profit. Fourth, America’s economy was significantly influenced by the American Civil War, which was instigated because of slaveryRead MoreSlavery and the American Civil War Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesSlavery â€Å"War is at best barbarism†¦.Its glory is all moonshine†¦.War is hell. (Union General William Tecumseh Sherman) A wise quote by an even wiser man, The Civil War was agreed a â€Å"hell†. For four years (1862-1865) a war was fought between both Northern Union states and Southern Confederate states over the matter of slavery. During this time period many changes were happening in the United States; the election of an anti-slavery president, Southern states trying to secede to become their own independentRead MoreAmerican Antebellum Slavery And The Civil War1949 Words   |  8 Pagesleave out of consideration.† Two key terms to understand when talking about American antebellum slavery. One might put their soul at ease by the enduring thought that southern slaves were treated amicably; however, this is not the truth. Slave holders and their apologist alike wanted their fellow citizens to feel as though their slaves were conditioned to superior treatment and c onditions. Eliding that free black life and slavery were synonymous...This could not be portrayed more inaccurately. Ira BerlinRead MoreSouthern Slavery and the American Civil War Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pageschange in the American system of equality. They fought for the cause they believe in: no one should be excessively wealthier than another person, and every American should have equal economic opportunity. This movement spread throughout the country with people captivated by the exuberance that fills these protests. This same passion that continues to fill these protesters once filled every American. However, in this instance Americans had enthusiastic, but opposing viewpoints about slavery. The NorthRead MoreSlavery as the Cause of the American Civil War Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Civil War was the bloodiest military conflict in American history leaving over 500 thousand dead and over 300 thousand wounded (Roark 543-543). One might ask, what caused such internal tension within the most powerful nation in the world? During the nineteenth century, America was an infant nati on, but toppling the entire world with its social, political, and economic innovations. In addition, immigrants were migrating from their native land to live the American dream (Roark 405-407)Read MoreAbraham Lincoln, Slavery and the American Civil War Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pageswill analyze how Abraham Lincolns view on slavery reflected during and after the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. To analyze exactly how Lincolns position on slavery affected the war overall, this investigation looks at Lincolns moral and religious views as well as his social and political views. Two main sources were used, both dealing with events relevant to his political career and his roots in his career and other important issues including slavery. Lincoln by David Herbert Donald tells a

The Ocean Free Essays

Why do I do it? Why do I scare myself with the ocean†¦? It is true, it is merciless, literally; it’s not conscious, so it has no feelings, no remorse, no pity, no awareness. It would be wrong to say it is inanimate, because it is certainly animate. And not alive, yet contains so much life within it might as well be. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ocean or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like a Frankenstein body filled with cells and bacteria and nerve impulses yet no consciousness. My worst nightmare – I don’t have it very often but it’s a strong one – can take a variety of forms and happen in a variety of places: it’s being overwhelmed by a tsunami. I sat watching one of the biggest waves in the world – at Teahupoo – with my friend, a psychologist. I asked her what a psychologist would say that fear of a tsunami meant. â€Å"I dunno. Probably something to do with your mother. Normally is, eh? †. But I can’t help thinking I’m also just simply scared of death by drowning. Why then do I travel by freighter ship, why then do I want to sail across the ocean in a tiny sail boat? Funnily, the tsunami dream never occurs at sea. It’s always the shore that is inundated. With that wall of approaching death. But the sea still scares me. As well it should. It is the only sensible reaction to be cautious of such a beast. I keep on wishing to anthropomorphise it. Should I? Cautious, yes†¦ but scared? I’m trying to work out is my fear rational or irrational. Do I think the sea, the ocean, symbolises something, someone? Do I think something – like the tsunami – is coming to get me? Or someone? Or is it myself that’s haunting me? Even here on the bridge, of a vast freighter ship, 150 feet above the calm dark waters of the Pacific, I worry. I am outside, I hear a horn. Was that ours, I ask? The watchmen say no maybe it was the radio. It wasn’t a radio. I check the radar – nothing. I skip outside again this time with binoculars. Give me a man with binoculars over your electronic instruments. Or is it just my lack of faith? Faith in what? In technology? In buoyancy? In myself? Every time I stand at a railing I crouch slightly. I am secretly terrified that someone might come up behind me and just topple me in. Even during the day to drop off the side of this ship would be practically certain death. No doubt about it. You would be gone, gone, gone. No one would see. And by the time they noticed your absence at dinner they would never, ever find you. Maybe the worst thing is that I know the ocean could swallow this whole enormous ship and not care. Not even show a trace of where it had been. Two miles deep in a matter of hours. The first mate assures me, helpfully, that yes, that could happen. Sometimes, they break in two, he says. And sink in minutes. So helpful. Not what I expected or hoped for him to say. And maybe that’s another thing. That if you die in a car crash at least there’s a body. There’s something for your family to cry over, to mourn, there’s a proof that you existed. Die in the ocean and they’ll probably never find your body. Your life, and the physical proof of your existence, will both be gone at the same time. We like to think we would live on in other’s memories. But it would be nice to have a grave. And there’s no substitute for still existing. I never realised before: yes, I want to lie in a grave. I want to die in a bed, and then be put in a grave. An orchard, where I can turn into sweet apples. Don’t tell anyone. But here, I don’t belong. This is not where I came from. As beautiful as it is this place, under the moon, the light on the ocean (or is that glimmer some obstacle we are heading for a collision with? ) it is not our home. We are not returning to the ocean, because it’s not where we’re from. Our bodies know this. They are averse to the endless waters where we could be lost, forever, completely, and never nurture the lands of our home again. On the horizon there is lightning. We can see a long way here: we can see everything – so we see lightning striking on all sides. Far in the distance. Out here, this is the wilderness, the wildnerness that was always here, and always will be. So much the same, and yet it keeps changing. Yet never for the better – not for good. You can never truly know it, and never make it your home, not here; however good your bushcraft. On land, in the wilderness, you could find a cave, a tree, build a cabin, protect yourself from the elements. Former wildernesses are communities, pubs, shopping malls. But the sea will always be a wilderness. Simply enough to lay your nose and mouth in will kill you. Just imagine what a whole ocean of it could do. What if that lightning suddenly strikes, on all sides, the rain lashing down, the waves lapping up? Already every time a furniture fitting shudders I worry. I stop writing to judge our pitch, our roll, is everything okay? I think I’m becoming more like my mum. But what if that lightning animated the sea, struck, lit it up with its ferocious flash of energy and gave life to that unconscious Frankenstein body? It’s alive, and it’s all around us, it’s angry and wild and immense. The combination is overwhelming, impressive, and terrifying. It’s alive, it towers over you; it’s coming to get you. You wonder why it hasn’t got you already. What watery trickery these sailors have with their heavy keel, with their well-shaped hull: to cheat death and rob the sea of its would-be prize. But the sea doesn’t care. It is poised over you like a skyscraper, one that comes crashing down every few seconds. And it does that again. And again. And again. Every few seconds, on every side. For hours. And then it’s calm. And as quickly as the storm came it relinquishes you. After all, it doesn’t care, it’s not a man, an intellect, or a vengeance. It’s not your subconscious. It’s just a storm. And all that you have to protect yourself from it – all that I have to protect myself from it – is not luck or fate or talismans or wishes or even hopes or life plans or dreams. Nor technology nor skill nor discipline nor toil nor anything earned. Only yourself – only myself. Relying on myself, knowing myself, trusting, completely, myself, my mind, my body, my thoughts, my actions. And maybe that is why the ocean is so so scary. How to cite The Ocean, Papers

Power and Influence in Batman free essay sample

Thus, he has always been admired by citizens. The Joker –a psychopathic perpetrator desires to create social disorder, enjoys seeing chaotic situation in the city. Despite his psychological impairment, the Joker is highly intelligent in perpetration and his actions are carefully planned. He was nobody among criminal world until he kills one of the mob leaders. Since then, the Joker is powerful in the criminal underworld and later in the whole city – everyone is under his influence. Sources of Power Batman has his power from two personal sources, namely expert power and referent power. One has expert power if he or she possesses knowledge or skills. Batman is familiar with the operation in the criminal syndicate after he had travel around the world for several years, learning the various ways of the underworld. These enable him to become a vigilante expert. Referent power of Batman comes from his extraordinary charisma. In addition to excellent grappling skills, Wayne’s wealth provides Batman with advanced and unique costumes and accoutrements. Every time when there is a crime, Batman can successfully defeat criminals, creating an image of a superhero. Thus, Batman is admired and respected by numerous public. Some police officers like Harvey Dent and James Gordon, who do not corrupt, are also willing to cooperate with Batman. They form unofficial alliance with Batman to protect Gotham City from the criminal underworld. The Joker also, to a certain extent, has his expert power. His determination to destroy order has complete and perfect almost every action plan he made. He is so professional in committing crimes that others, even Batman, seem to be always under his control, following his plan to ruin the city. Thus, he can be said to be a perpetration profession. Besides, coercive power also makes the Joker so influential in the city. The Joker forces others including Batman, mobs and citizens to obey him by applying punishments – intimidating and killing. For example, he forced Batman to disclose his identity by continuously killing citizens and the mobs to cooperate with him by killing one of the mob leaders Gambol. Contingencies of Power The power of Batman and the Joker are affected by the four contingencies of power –substitutability, centrality, discretion and visibility. Both two low have substitutability of their power, which means that there are almost no other substitutes for them. Batman’s supernatural ability is not replaceable in safeguarding the city while it is also difficult for the mobs to find someone who is intelligent enough to kill Batman. Without Batman, citizens will be massacred by the Joker; without the Joker, the mobs will loss all their money under investigation of Batman and the police. Therefore, their actions highly affect the respective stakeholders’ interests. These lead to another inference – Batman and the Joker have high centrality of their power, which is the high degree and nature of interdependence between Batman and citizen and that between the Joker and the mobs. Conversely, Batman and the Joker have different discretion and visibility of their powers. The Joker has somehow higher discretion relative to Batman. That is the Joker has more freedom in making decisions without referring to specific rules or receiving permission from someone else. Batman fight against criminals in the city, he is a symbol of justice and peace. Thus, when it comes to the time when he confront the Joker or other criminals, he cannot kill them in case it is necessary to do so. However, the Joker is evil. He can achieve his goal unscrupulously, without worrying that if his behavior will set a bad model for others. On the other hand, Batman has high visibility of his power relative to the Joker before the Joker kills one of the mob leaders. Batman has been known and respected by citizens for his contribution in maintaining peace in the city. Another identity of Batman – Bruce Wayne also has a high visibility of his power. He is a billionaire with an extensive network among the rich. Thus, he can influence others to support Harvey Dent after realizing Harvey’s sincerity. On the contrary, the Joker had been ignored in the syndicate despite his intelligence. Therefore, when he first meets the mob leaders at the meeting, he is being despised as a simple psychopathic patient. The Joker become more powerful in the syndicate after he have kill the mob leader and in the city after he begins killing innocent citizens and challenge the law publicly, as all these increase his visibility to others. Influence Tactics used by the main characters Different influence tactics are used by Batman and the Joker when facing different people. For Batman, he influences police officers by silent authority. Although Batman does not have legitimate power, police officers who allied with him just cooperate with him by following his instructions in most scenarios without overt influence. This is due to Batman’s expert power and referent power in the city, so the police believe in Batman’s ability and sincerity for the city. Thus silent authority is applicable. When facing the Joker, Batman usually uses assertiveness – he tried to influence the Joker by threatening and confronting. For instance, when the joker has taken into custody, Batman tried to make him confess his plan by violence. When facing Two-face who is the dark side Harvey Dent, Batman tries to stop him from killing innocent people by encouraging him to forget animosity as Batman still believes Two-face is kindhearted inside. Here Batman has used a type of soft tactic influence, persuasion to influence Two-face as he used emotional appeal. For the Joker, obviously he always uses hard influence tactics, especially assertiveness in compliance with his cruelty. For example, he demands support from the mobs by killing and threatening in the meeting of the mob leaders. He also controls other confederates who rob the bank with him using information control – to manipulate others’ access to information by withholding, filtering and re-arranging information. The Joker does not disclose the whole plan of robbery to the confederates and his instructions to each confederate are different, so that he can manipulate the whole robbery by himself. He finally kills his partners one by one after he has finished his duty. Among the examples, there is one exception that the Joker uses soft influence tactic instead of hard one. When the Joker is being locked up and beaten by Batman in the custody, he keeps on tried to convince Batman that they are the same kind of people as they are being seen as weird creatures in citizens’ eyes. This is the rare time when the Joker uses persuasion to influence others.